Using multivariate statistical analysis to assess changes in water chemistry in sections of the Vaal Dam catchment between 1991 and 2008

Abstract

Multivariate statistical analysis was used to investigate changes in water chemistry at 5 river sites in the Vaal Dam catchment, draining the Highveld grasslands. These grasslands receive more than 8 kg sulphur (S) ha-1∙year-1 and 6 kg nitro gen (N) ha-1∙year-1 via atmospheric deposition. It was hypothesised that between 1991 and 2008 concentrations of dissolved mineral salts, sulphate, nitrate and ammonium would increase as a result of the Sand N deposition received. Significant spatial differences were found, by analysis of covariance, between sites within the catchment. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the environmental variables used in the analysis, discharge and month of sampling, explained a small proportion of the total variance in the data set – less than 10% at each site. However, the total data set variance, explained by the 4 hypothetical axes generated by the CCA was >93% for all 5 sites. Sulphate, nitrate-plus-nitrite, ammonium and phosphate concentrations increased at 1 site each, between 1991 and 2008.

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